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$Unique_ID{how00755}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Civilizations Past And Present
Document: Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels, Manifesto Of The Communist Party}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Wallbank;Taylor;Bailkey;Jewsbury;Lewis;Hackett}
$Affiliation{}
$Subject{class
production
state
}
$Date{1992}
$Log{}
Title: Civilizations Past And Present
Book: Chapter 25: Society, Politics, And Culture, 1871-1914
Author: Wallbank;Taylor;Bailkey;Jewsbury;Lewis;Hackett
Date: 1992
Document: Karl Marx And Friedrich Engels, Manifesto Of The Communist Party
The Manifesto by Marx and Engels had little impact on 1848 Europe. However, it
became one of the most widely read tracts in world history in the twentieth
century.
A spectre is haunting Europe - the spectre of Communism. All the
Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this
spectre; Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and
German police-spies.
... The first step in the revolution by the working class is to
raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle
of democracy.
The proletariat will use its political supremacy to wrest, by
degrees, all capital from the bourgeoisie, to centralise all instruments
of production in the hands of the State, i.e., of the proletariat
organized by the ruling class; and to increase the total of productive
forces as rapidly as possible.
... In the most advanced countries the following will be pretty
generally applicable:
1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to
public purposes.
2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
3. Abolition of all right of inheritance.
4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
5. Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State, by means of a
national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.
6. Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the
hands of the State.
7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the
State; the bringing into cultivation of waste lands, and the improvement
of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
8. Equal liability of all to labour. Establishment of industrial armies,
especially for agriculture.
9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual
abolition of the distinction between town and country, by a more equable
distribution of the population over the country.
10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of
children's factory labour in its present form. Combination of education
with industrial production, etc., etc.
When, in the course of development, class distinctions have
disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a
vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its
political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the
organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat
during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of
circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a
revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away
by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with
these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of
class antagonisms, and of classes generally, and will thereby have
abolished its own supremacy as a class.
In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class
antagonisms, we shall have an association in which the free development
of each is the condition for the free development of all.
From Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party
(International Press, 1911).